You would need to build a custom dial plan to check Caller ID. The "destinations" page has an option for building a route based on CID but the duplicate check will stop you from using it on an existing DID.
Assuming you have a number such as 12125551000 as a destination/inbound route to an extension or group etc, but you want a certain caller id to route differently, you can copy and modify the existing inbound route then edit the copy.
Go to inbound routes, select the route. Click "copy" in top right. It may ask to confirm copy action.
Once copied, you should see two of the same routes with one saying "(copy)" in the description field.
Edit the copied route.
Add conditioncaller_id_number<number to match> and change order to "25" for this line.
The set the order of the whole dial plan to "99" or a lower number than the default inbound route.